Plant-based oils, extracted from seeds, nuts and occasionally fruits, have been a fundamental part of the human diet since as early as 6000 BCE. Aside from the culinary applications, these oils were also used as fuel, most often in lamps, which were the principal source of lighting in ancient times.
Small-scale extraction of seed and nut oil is a relatively straightforward process that can easily be integrated into daily life, but the first steps to take are analyzing your needs and defining your goals. Understanding your needs, as well as your abilities and available time, will help you to determine the level of commitment, and corresponding amount of labor, that you are willing to devote to this work.
This section details all the information you need on 18 seeds and nuts that are perfect for creating your own oils. Each seed or nut has the following information: photos and illustrations, basic seed or nut information, planting and growing, post-harvest processing, pressing, storage and uses.
Almonds are an ancient crop, thought to be one of the first domesticated fruit trees, along with figs, apricots and sour cherries. Although commonly referred to as a nut, the almond we consume is actually the seed of a type of fruit known as a drupe, or stone fruit, in which the flesh of the fruit surrounds a pit that holds a single seed inside.
Numerous brassica species have been utilized as oilseed crops, with the earliest recorded likely being black mustard seed, having been pressed for its oil in India as early as 2000 BCE. In China, and further north into Russia, it was the brown-seeded mustard, B. juncea, that was commonly grown for culinary applications as well as for its oil.
Flaxseed is one of the oldest cultivated crops, and its use in the production of linen dates back to ancient Egypt, if not earlier. While there are no known wild populations of L. usitatissimum, the closest wild relative, Linum bienne, is native to the Mediterranean region and western Europe. Archeological evidence of domesticated oilseed flax cultivation dating back nearly 5,000 years has been found in the area now known as Syria.
A member of the birch family, the hazel genus Corylus is composed of around fourteen to eighteen distinct species, all of which produce edible seeds commonly referred to as hazelnuts. These trees are native to Europe and western Asia but today are grown around the world for their edible seeds, with Turkish hazelnut production accounting for a majority of the world supply.
Native to South America, peanuts have become a staple food and oilseed crop worldwide. The earliest archeological evidence of possible peanut cultivation dates back to more than 7,000 years ago, although it is possible these remains are of a wild species early in the domestication process. Spaniards took peanuts with them back to Europe, where they quickly circulated and are now a common crop in western Africa as well as throughout Asia.
The breadseed poppy, more commonly known as the opium poppy, has a long history of use as a medicinal herb, as a food and as the source of the potent narcotic, opium. The use of P. somniferum predates written history yet images of opium poppies have been found among ancient Sumerian artifacts, leading scholars to believe that the plant is likely native to the eastern Mediterranean region.
An ancient oilseed crop, the domesticated species of sesame was first cultivated in India more than 5,000 years ago. The crop quickly spread, and archaeological evidence suggests that sesame was being grown in Turkey by 700 BCE and in Egypt by 300 BCE. Sesame is a favored crop in less hospitable environments, due to its robust, rugged nature and drought tolerance.
Commercially available walnut oil is produced from the domesticated English walnut, Juglans regia. This nut is also known as the Persian or Carpathian walnut and is widely considered to be the most common walnut. Thought to originate in the area now known as Iran, J. regia was introduced into the western Mediterranean region by the 4th century BCE , when growers worked to develop more lateral branching and larger fruits.
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